Image: A forgotten foundation near a hiking trail turned out to be an old shack, roughly 20 square metres in size. It had once provided travellers with shelter from the elements, a place to eat, relax, and perhaps sleep before continuing their journey across the mountains. (Photo: Marianne Vedeler) By Smartenyclopedia

By José Carlos Palma* For over seven centuries, the death of Infante Fadrique de Castilla has remained shrouded in mystery, a perplexing puzzle with no clear answers. Perhaps one day a surprising document or new evidence will shed light on this enigma, but for now, it continues to baffle historians

By José Carlos Palma* Louis XI, King of France from 1461 to 1483, remains one of the most enigmatic and astute figures in medieval history. His reign was marked by a shrewd deployment of espionage and political maneuvering, which enabled him to consolidate his power and influence across Europe. Louis

By José Carlos Palma* Espionage, an ancient craft essential to the covert world of intelligence, flourished during the Middle Ages in Europe, showcasing sophisticated methods that prefigured modern spycraft. Among the most remarkable practitioners of medieval espionage was King Louis XI of France, whose innovative intelligence system set a precedent

Image: Louis XI of France By José Carlos Palma* Espionage, often dubbed one of the “oldest professions in the world,” has a rich history that extends far beyond modern times. While its contemporary applications are well-known, the roots of espionage can be traced back to the Middle Ages, a period

By Michael Turner* In the annals of art history, the quest to pinpoint the earliest examples of human creativity is a journey that takes us back tens of thousands of years. Among the myriad discoveries, one particular find in Anatolia, Turkey, stands out not only for its age but also

By José Carlos Palma* Nationalism, the sense of pride and identity associated with one’s nation, is a force that has shaped histories, defined borders, and kindled both unity and conflict. In the 21st century, the resurgence of nationalist sentiments across the globe raises profound questions about its role and impact.

By The Smartencyclopedia Staff & Agencies  In a momentous archaeological breakthrough, researchers in the historic town of Chepstow have uncovered a 2,000-year-old wooden bridge that once served as a crucial link between England and Wales during the Roman era. The discovery, unveiled during an “extreme low tide event,” marks a

By José Carlos Palma* Napoleon Bonaparte’s journey from a Corsican cadet at the École Militaire to the Emperor of France is a testament to ambition, strategic brilliance, and unmatched determination. However, his academic performance during his time at the prestigious military academy raises intriguing questions about how his peers viewed

By José Carlos Palma* The tantalizing question of who would rightfully claim the mantle of Emperor if the Roman Empire had endured into modern times invites a fascinating journey into historical legacies and contemporary political landscapes. While the idea of a resurrected Roman Empire may seem fanciful, the nuances of

 By José Carlos Palma* The distinctive helmet designs of ancient Greek and Roman soldiers reflect profound differences in combat tactics, strategic priorities, and cultural influences. Let’s delve into the fascinating evolution of these iconic helmets and the unique considerations that shaped their designs. The Greek Perspective: Protection and Intimidation in

By José Carlos Palma* Ancient Roman concrete, renowned for its exceptional durability and longevity, continues to mystify engineers and historians alike. How did the Romans craft a material that outshines modern counterparts even after more than 2,000 years? Let’s delve into the fascinating chemistry and construction techniques behind this enduring